Vacancy @ Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (UJVNL.)

 Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (UJVNL.) has published the notification for the post of Assistant Engineer. Besides, Candidates with the qualification of B.E/B.Tech M.Sc/M.Tech is eligible to apply for UJVNL Recruitment. Check eligibility criteria and details below then proceed to apply online for UJVNL Career.

Important Date:

Starting date: 01/04/2021 Last date: 30/04/2021

Click on the below link to apply for the vacant position.

APPLY

VACANCY@ FTC - Officer (Project Execution/Planning) AT IOCL, GAIL

 

FTC - Officer (Project Execution/Planning)

Post Date: 31/03/2021

Last Date: 22/04/2021

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Upper Age Limit: 35 years as on 31.03.2021

Tenure: The initial contract duration will be for the period of 1 year which may 

be extended upto a maximum period of 3 years

 or the duration of the project, whichever is earlier.

Annual CTC: Rs. 4,80,000

APPLY

Qualification: Graduate in Engineering in any discipline.

Post Qualification Experience: Fresher, however candidate having relevant experience will be preferred.

Desired Experience/Profile: i. Project Execution of gas pipeline and allied network. ii. Responsible for work/target for development of pipeline and allied network of a GA and project execution. iii. Knowledge and understanding of CGD Network. iv. Incumbent should be able to lead a team of contractors and site engineers for pipeline laying and construction of CGS. v. Knowledge and experience in construction, planning, supervision, coordination and execution of pipeline laying network. vi. Basic knowledge of prevailing standards and codes of various statutes related to CGD industry. vii. Incumbent should be well conversant with best practices in Industrial HSE concepts. viii. Should be able to lead, drive and coordinate with marketing to achieve overall GA customer targets. ix. Should possess adequate understanding for reviewing the technical feasibility of projects.

Era of Mixed reality starts with Jio Glass.

 Era of Mixed reality starts with Jio Glass

In this pandemic COVID 19, worldwide industries are suffering to survive as the pandemic hit them badly. It was very fascinating to hear the news about that the Jio glass has been showcase in their 43rd Annual General Meeting. If you're thinking in the business and marketing point of view then it’s very important to understand why RIL (Reliance industry limited) has launched this Jio glass in this global pandemic situation, they could have launched something that is very much important in this pandemic like vaccine, ventilator, masks, PPE kits etc.
Almost all the company has their research and development department they work on the company's plans and the try to showcase best they can do. It would have planned long ago because the similar products were launched by Google then named was Google glass. When I read the news about Jio glass then came to know that it is as important as the other products in this pandemic.
Reliance industries limited has stated that this new Jio glass is especially designed and prepared for teachers, students and the professional to the virtual 3D class room and the conference and meeting via the Jio mixed reality service in real time.
In this pandemic situation education industry suffered a lot, it could be life changing of the industry they way it is made.

At that annual general meeting event, the company has not reveal the price of the Jio glass but they have shown the demo of the gadget.
I was watching that demo, it so fascinating that it is going make large change the in the existing virtual tools that we are using as of now for teaching, conference and meeting. In that demo , president of Reliance industry made call to the Aakash and Isha and the whole meeting so impressive and engaging that we have never seen before almost it was like teacher taking class in class room and the students are sitting in front of the teacher.
President of RIL also said that "jio glass is at the cutting edge of technology that provides best in class mixed reality services to give users truly meaningful and immersive experience.
Last year in 2019 Annual General Meeting Jio had showcase a HoloBoard mixed reality headset that had similar features. The experts say that the Jio has taken forward the very same project.
Main features of the Jio glass are that it comes with the cable to connect with power and the smartphone and waight of the whole glass is just 75gram, it has also a 25 in built apps to allow augmented reality video classes, meeting and many more.
So far we have come across the word mixed reality or MR but the question is,
what is Mixed Reality
If you are following the latest Technology invention and innovation then You me might have come across the word like augmented reality, virtual reality and mixed reality.
Mixed reality is nothing but the extension of the augmented reality. This latest technology allows us to engage with both physical and virtual environment. To achieve the mixed reality or to build the environment for one should have an ecosystem of compatible Technologies such as headset, high definition imaging, and motion sensing etc.
In this Technologies, we can communicate with the physical world and the virtual world . As you would have seen the annual general meeting of reliance industries limited demo session.
We used to have the boundary between the virtual environment and the real environment this mixed reality Technologies has broken it make it to experience both simultaneously.
Top application of MR
Education industry
Engineering sector
Entertainment and
Healthcare

what is mach number ?

Mach Number and its Significance

Mach number.

Mach number is a dimensional less number. It is the ratio of fluid to the velocity of the sound in that fluid. It was named after the Ernst Mach he is the person behind the Mach number. If the Mach number is related to the object especially aircraft the Mach number is defined as, the ratio of the velocity of the object relative to the fluid and the velocity of sound in that fluid. 

Mach number is used to analyze fluid flow dynamics problem where the compressibility is a significant factor. 

Mathematically it is expressed as –

M= speed of object /speed of sound

M= V/C

Where,

M= Mach number

V= speed of the aircraft

C= speed of the sound

Subsonic

If the Mach number less than one (M<1): In this case, the speed of the object is less than the sound speed.

Supersonic.

If the Mach number more than one (M>1): In the supersonic speed, the object speed is more than the sound speed.

Transonic

If the Mach number is equal to one (M=1):

In transonic speed, the speed of the object is nearly equal to the speed of the sound.

Hypersonic speed (M>>1):

When the speed of the object is much higher than the speed of the sound in the same medium is called hypersonic speed.

The significance of Mach number

The Mach number is used to describe the speed of aircraft in terms of the speed of sound. If the aircraft speed is equal to the speed of sound then the Mach number would be 1.

Example problem,

An aircraft flies at speed 700 mph at an altitude of 36000 ft. The surrounding temperature is -60 ^oF.

The speed of the aircraft can be calculated as-

v = (700 miles/hr) (5280 ft/miles) / (3600 sec/hr)

    = 1026.67 ft/sec

The Mach number can be calculated as-

M = (1026.67 ft/s) / (980 ft/s)

= 1.047 >1

 The aircraft is flying at supersonic speed.

Working Principle of Cochran Boiler.

Cochran Boiler

The Cochran boiler is also called a fire tube boiler. cochran boiler workes on the principle of heat convection. In cochran boiler, the hot gases are being passed through the fire tube running in the sealed container filled with water. The locomotive boiler is self-propelled and the power is being supplied by the diesel, steam or electricity. This type of steam engine has been used in the railway for a long time. The locomotive boiler is consisting of vertical cylinder shell the top of the cylinder is of dome-shaped. This dome shape provides enough space for steam which is produced on heating. Basically, the water is being heated in a high amount at high temperatures which produce a high amount of steam which is used to do mechanical work. The hemispherically shaped furnace is provided to burn the fuel mostly coal is used. Fuel is kept on the grate to burn the fuel easily and ash is then settled in the ash pit. Fire bricks are used for lining as shown in the figure to overcome with the heat loss. On the burning of the fuel, it produces a large amount of smoke that has to be expelled outside for that chimney is provided. When the heat is generated, it heated the fire tube which is filled with flue gases. this flue gases used to heat the water surrounded by the fire tube. all they are of equal dimensions and is kept in a horizontal position. In this process the coal has to feed periodically to make the heating process continues, fire door is provided to feed the coal periodically. The safety valve is used in an emergency when the steam pressure exceeds its limit then it is being opened to release the excess amount of steam. Flue pipe is provided to heat from the furnace to the combustion chamber.

So many safety kinds of stuff are used in the boiler, a fusible plug is provided at the top of the combustion chamber. When the boiler temperature exceeded the safe working limit then it gets melted and stops the fire. Usually, the fusible plug is made up of aluminium and zinc metal. The blow of cock is used to blow of the impurity, mud and sediment from the boiler.    

To deal with any boiler safety must be the first priority because silly mistakes are enough to destroy the valuable thing even can catch the fire burn the whole plant along with human being.

Cochran boiler

   

Working:

On the burning of the fuel in the furnace, it produces a large amount of heat in the form of flue gases. This flue gases entered in the flue pipe and goes to the combustion chamber. Fire tubes are placed horizontally and it is surrounded by the water completely. Flue gases enter in the fire tube pipe and heated the water and form the steam. Formed steam is being kept in the steam chamber.

To produce the steam water has to supply uniformly to the shell and it is controlled by the feed check valve. When the flue gases supplies boiler heated up and the cold water settled down and steam flow over it between the fire tube. Produced steam is kept in the dome shape chamber on the requirement it is supplied to anti priming pipe where water droplets are filtered. 

Advantages

1. Less floor area is required.
2. Construction cost is less.
3. It can easily move to different locations, semi-portable.
4. It has a self-contained furnace.
5. Easy to operate.
6. Higher volume to areas ratios.

Disadvantage

1. The rate of steam generation is less.
2. Corrosion and scale formation takes place.
3. Overheating problem.
4. Periodic cleaning is required and it is difficult to clean all the parts.

Application

Railway and marine

Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Automation

A production system is the group of people, the collection of equipment and procedures organizing to achieve manufacturing operation of a company. Manufacturing system has adopted a computer to improve the manufacturing process. Implementation of the computer not only simplified many if the traditional manufacturing process but also made it almost impossible for the manufacturing industry to survive in the modern era without it.
The requirement of the production system.

1.     Production machine

2.     Material handling system

3.     Computer control system

4.     Human resource

5.     Automation

It is defined as the technology concern with the application of mechanical, electrical, electronic and the computer-based system to operate and control the production.

When demand is more in the market, then it is very challenging for the company to produce that much of products within the specified time with the quality products, so it is very difficult to achieve manually. Industrial automation is the use of control system, such as the computer or industrial robot and information technology for handling the different process and machinery in the industry to replace the human being and produce the product in mass with standard quality. Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatics, electrical and electronics sometimes individually and usually in a combination of all. In the modern factory, aerospace and aviation industry typically use this combined technique. 
Advantages of automation:-

1.     Labour Saving

2.     Minimize electricity use.

3.     Improves quality of the product

4.     Increase the accuracy and precision.

5.     Computer Integrated Manufacturing:

Computer integrated manufacturing was introduced by Dr Joseph Harrington in his book bearing that name in 1974. Until 1970 the most aggressive and successful automation was seen in the production process.
The word computer integrated manufacturing denotes the use of a computer system to design the products, plan the production, and control the operation and to perform the various business-related functions needed in a manufacturing process. Discrete parts manufacturing used high mechanised machines that were driven and controlled by cams and complex devices such as automatic screw machines. Computer integrated manufacturing start with the development of the product concept and includes product design and specifications and extend through production, delivery and fast sales activities.
The constituent part of CIM.

1.     Marketing

Ø Marketing used to estimate the manufacturing cost to assess the economic viability of the product.

Ø Projection of manufacturing quantities.

Ø Strategies for marketing the product.

      2. Product Design.

Ø This department established the initial database for production of a proposed product.

Ø Complex design is usually carried out by several teams working simultaneously across the world. 

Ø Design process creates the database required to manufacture the parts.

3.Planning.

Ø Planning involves several subsystems dealing with material, facility, process, tool, manpower, capacity scheduling, outsourcing assembly, inspection and logistics.

     4.Purchase

Ø This department deals with the placing the purchase orders, follow up, ensure quality in the production process for the vendor, receive the items, arrange for inspection and supply the items to the stores.

    5.Finance

Ø This department deals with the resources pertaining to money.
Planning of investment, working capital, and cash flow control.
Allocation of the fund is the major task of the finance department.

   Advantages of CIM

      1. Lower manufacturing lead time

      2. The flexibility of the manufacturing process.

      3. Increase productivity.

      4. Improve the quality of the product

      5. The overall cost of the manufacturing can be reduced 

      6. Inventory cost reduces

      7. Reduces product defects.

Numerical Control 
It is the system in which the actors are controlled by direct insertion of numerical data at some point. The system must automatically interpret at least some portion of this data.
Numerical control technology emerged in the mid 20th century. The real boom came in the form of CNC, in the year 1972 and decade later introduction of the affordable microcomputer. The instructions are the combination of the alphabets, digits and selected symbol. All instructions are written in a logical order and a predetermined form. The collection of all instructions necessary to machine a part is called as NC program. 
Types of NC system

  1. Traditional Numerical Control

  2. Computer Numerical Control

  3. Distributed Numerical Control

Traditional Numerical Control
It is also called NC machine tools. It has hardwired control, where control is accomplished through the use of punched tapes or cards. Taped tend to wear and become dirty thus so many problems in the production process.
Computer Numerical Control
It is referred to a system that has a local computer store all required Numerical data, while CNC was used to enhance tapes for a while. Eventually allowed the use of other storage media, magnetic tapes and hard disk. The system can store and execute a number of large programs and also allows editing program.
On CNC machine the function of feed rate drives is to provide motion to the slide as per the motion command. Since the degree of accuracy requirements are high, the feed drive should have high efficiency and response. CNC Control is the heart of the CNC machines. The early CNC Control was developed for simple application in turning machining centre and grinding. But with increased capabilities in a modern machine tool such as higher spindle speed, higher rapid transverses and more number of axes, CNC system has been developed to meet these needs.
Advantages of CNC

1.     Accurate costing and scheduling

2.     Less scrap

3.     Reduced inspection process

4.     Reduced lead time

5.     Setup time reduction

6.     Flexibility in the change of design

7.     Longer tool life.

How Does Carburettor works

How Does Carburettor works?

Introduction

The combustion of the fuel with oxygen in the combustion chamber provides the energy necessary to drive the piston. In the S.I engine the liquid are generally mixed prior to their arrival in the combustion chamber. The process of preparing this mixture is called as carburetion.

In the engine, the desired air-fuel ratio means that gives the maximum economy. Actual air-fuel mixture requirements in an operating engine vary under variable load and speed condition. The air-fuel ratio must be changed based on whether the maximum economy or maximum power is required.

A carburettor is a device which is used in the vehicle to prepare a homogeneous mixture of air and fuel for the working of the engine.

The main function of a carburettor are.....

       1. Combine gasoline and air and produce a high combustible mixture.

       2. Regulate the air-fuel ratio

       3. maintain the engine speed.

working

Liquid fuel is supplied to the carburettor from the fuel tank system which consists of the fuel supply tank, fuel pump, lines and filter. Air is drawn into the carburettor from the atmosphere during suction in the engine cylinders. Most of the air engine induct the air directly into the carburettor through an air cleaner. The carburettor supplies air-fuel mixture to the engine cylinders through intake manifold and quantity of mixture entering the cylinder is regulated by the throttle.

Choke
It usually happens, when the vehicle doesn't get started, and word choke is used but what is it actually, 
To start the cold engine, a rich mixture is needed. To provide the rich mixture, choke valve is fitted in the air intake passage of the carburettor. The choke valve is in the form of a circular disc like the throttle valve. This choke is operated to shut off partially the supply of air to the carburettor. During the suction stroke, less amount of air and the more amount of fuel is sucked and a rich mixture is obtained. Immediately after starting the cold engine the choke valve should be open for full air supply.

Venturi

A venturi is a narrow space in the cylindrical air horn, through which the air passes. As the same amount of air must pass through every point in the air horn, its velocity will be greatest at the narrow point. The more the area is reduced, the greater will be the velocity of air.

The spray of gasoline from the nozzle an air entering through the venturi are mixed together in the mixing chamber which is just below the discharge jet. The mixture passes through the intake manifold into the cylinder.

Throttle valve

It is a circular disc located in the mixing chamber of the air horn. It can be tilted to open or close the air horn to allow more or less air to flow through it. When it is tilted to open, more air passes the venturi sucking more fuel, thus more amount of air-fuel mixture goes to the cylinder. The engine develops more power and tends to run faster. When the throttle valve is tilted to close, less air passes the venturi sucking less fuel, thus less amount of air-fuel mixture goes to the cylinders. The engine develops less power and tends to run slowly.

Metering system

As the engine speed increases beyond the certain limit, suction also increases. The flow of the fuel from the jet increases faster than the corresponding flow of air. Thus mixture becomes richer. To maintain the correct air-fuel mixture at high speed.

Advantages

• Improves atomization
• Better fuel distribution
• Smooth idle
• Improves power and reduce emissions
• It allows use of inferior fuels.
• Maintenances cost is less and easy repair.
• Simple and Overall cost is less.

Disadvantages

• More air emissions than the fuel injector
• To start the cold engine is difficult.
• Complete combustion of is a challenge.
• Spark plug fouling issue is very common.

How Turbocharger Works

Introduction

To run an automobile engine, like diesel or petrol, the fuel from the tank must reach the engine cylinder by some means. In the petrol engine, the fuel(petrol) from the fuel tank reaches through the fuel pump, filter and carburettor to the engine.  In the diesel engine, there is no need of carburettor, the diesel is injected into the engine cylinders by an injector.

The power generated by the IC engine is directly related to the compression force exerted on the air-fuel mixture. If the compression is greater, greater the output of the engine. There are two approaches which can be used to increase the engine compression. One is to modify the internal arrangement of the engine to increase the normal compression ratio. The second method is and it is a less expensive way to increase the mixture compression without physically changing the shape of the combustion chamber is to simply increase the quantity of the intake charge.

There are two artificially methods to increase the amount of air flow into the engine are

Turbocharger

Supercharger

Turbocharger

Turbochargers are used to increase engine power by compressing the air that goes into the chamber. Increased power comes from the additional fuel that the denser air accommodate. Nowadays turbochargers are the most popular method of increasing engine compression. The turbochargers do not require a mechanical connection between the engine and the pressurized pump to compress the intake gases. Exhaust gas is a waste product, the energy develop by the engine is said to be free since it theoretically does not rob the engine of any of the power it helps to produce.

Working

It consists of the turbine housing, turbine wheel, compressor housing, compressor wheel and bearing housing. When the engine is running the exhaust gases leaving the exhaust valve to enter into the exhaust manifold and redirect into the turbine housing. In turbine housing, hot gases strike the fins or blade on the turbine wheel and make it rotate. A turboshaft connects turbine wheel to compressor wheel.

turbocharger

The turbocharger is located to close to the exhaust manifold.A fumes pipe keeps running between the motor ventilation system and the turbine lodging to convey the fumes stream to the turbine wheel.  One more pipe is connected to the compressors housing intake to an injector throttle body.

The turbocharger is darted to the ventilation system of the motor. The fumes from the chamber turn the turbine, which works like a gas turbine motor. The turbine is associated with a pole to the blower, which is Located between the air channel and the admission complex. The blower pressurized the air going into the cylinder. The fumes from the chamber goes through the turbine sharp edges, making the turbine turn. The blower is a kind of radiating pump. It attracts the air at the focal point of its cutting edges and excursions it outward as it turns. Almost 40% of the warmth vitality provided to the motor goes into the fumes and will be squandered. A piece of this vitality could be used to drive a gas turbine which thus runs a blower and subsequently results in the supply of more air to the motor. This lifts the motor power and builds warm effectiveness.

Advantages

1. Reduces specific fuel oil consumption.
2. Improves mechanical and thermal efficiency.
3. It uses the unused energy contained in the hot exhaust gases.
4. Increase the air percentage in the air-fuel mixture.
5. No drive required for the engine to run.
6. Very less moving parts.
7. Smaller and lighter than mechanical blowers.
8. Increase the horsepower

Disadvantages

1. It takes much time to spool up and provide the useful boost.
2. Turbocharger gets heated up very quickly, so coolant is required.
3. Power surge, cause some instability of the car.

Hall Effect Sensors and its Functional Area.

Hall Effect Sensors.

This effect was discovered by E.R. Hall in 1879 and is called the Hall effect. Hall effect sensors are the device which is activated by an external magnitude field. When the magnetic flux density around the sensor exceeds a certain pre- threshold, the sensor detects it and generate an output voltage called the Hall Voltage.

We know that a magnetic field has two important characteristics flux density and polarity. The output signal from a Hall effect sensors is the function of the magnetic field density around the device. When a beam of charged particle passes through a magnetic field, forces act on the particle and the beam deflected from its straight line path. A current flowing through a conductor is like a beam of moving charges and thus can be deflected by a magnetic field.

Working Principle

Hall Effect Sensors consists of a thin piece of rectangular p-type semiconductor material such as GaAs, indium arsenide passing a continuous current through itself. When the device is placed within a magnetic field, the magnetic flux line exerts a force on the semiconductor material which deflects the charges carries, electrons and holes, to either side of the semiconductor slab. As these electron and holes move sideward a potential difference is produced between the two sides of the semiconductor material by the build-up of these charges carries. Then the movement of the electron through the semiconductor materials affected by the presence of an external magnetic field which is at the right angle to it and this effect is greater in a flat rectangular shaped material. The Hall effect provides information regarding the types of magnetic poles and the magnitude of the magnetic field. Hall effect sensors are available with either linear or digital outputs. The output signal for linear sensors is taken directly from the output of the operational amplifiers with the output voltage being directly proportional to the magnetic field passing through the Hall sensors.

Applications

Hall Effects sensor is activated by a magnetic field and in many application, the device can be operated by a single permanent magnet attached to a moving device. There are many different types of magnet movement such as Head on, sideways, push-pull etc sensing movements.

1. The Hall effect sensors are immune to environmental contaminants and can be used under severe service conditions. Such a sensor can be used as position, displacement and proximity sensor if the object being sensed is fitted with a small permanent magnet. Can be used to determine the level of fuel in an automobile fuel tank. A magnet is attached to a float and as the level of fuel changes so that float distance from the Hall sensor changes. The results are a Hall Voltage output which is a measure of the distance of the float from the sensor and hence the level of the fuel in tank determined.
2. Another application of hall effect sensors is in the brushless D.C. Motors. With such motors, it is necessary to determine when the permanent magnet rotor is correctly aligned with the winding on the stators so that the current through the winding can be switched on at the right instant to maintain the rotor rotation.

Ideal Behavior of a Sensor/Transducer.

Ideal Behavior of a Sensor/Transducer.

Mechatronics design engineer must be knowing the capabilities and shortcomings of a transducer or measurements system to properly assess it's performance. There are a number of performance-related parameters of a transducer or measurement system. Sensor specifications inform the engineer and the user about the deviation from the ideal behaviour of the sensor.

The following terms are used to define the performance of the transducer and often measurement System as a whole. The design process begins with a need form, perhaps a customer or clients. This may be identified by market research Being used to establish the need for potential customers.

Range

The range of a transducer define the limits between which the input can vary. The span is the maximum value of the input minus the minimum value.

Error

The error is the difference between the results of the measurements and the true value of the quantity being measured. For example, if the measurements system gives a temperature reading of 45^0 C when the actual temperature is 42^0 C then the error is +3^0C.

Accuracy

Accuracy is the extent to which the value indicated by a measurements system might be wrong. It is thus the summation of all the possible error that is likely to occur as well as the accuracy to which the transducer has been calibrated.

Sensitivity

The sensitivity is the relationship indicating how much output here is per unit input. There can be the sensitivity of the transducer to temperature changes in the environment or perhaps fluctuations in the main voltage supply.

Hysteresis

The transducer can give different output from the same value of the quantity being measured according to whether that value has been reached by the continuous increasing change or a continuously decreasing change.

Stability

The stability of the transducer is its ability to give the same output when when used to measure a constant input over a period of time. The term drift is often used to describe the change in output that occurs over time. Zero drift is used for the change that occurs in output when there is zero input.

Dead band/Time

The dead band or dead space of a transducer is the range of input values for which there is no output. The dead time is the length of time from the application of an input until the output begins to respond and change.

Resolution

When the input varies continuously over the range, the output signal for some sensor may change in small steps. Example potentiometer. The resolution is the smallest change in the input values that will produce a considerable change in the output.

Non-linearity error

For many transducers, the linearity relationship between the input and output is assumed over the working range. in some transducer, however, have a truly linear relationship and thus the error occurs as a result of the assumption of linearity. This error is defined as the maximum difference from the straight line. various methods are used for the numerical expression of the non-linearity error. The difference occurs in determining the straight line relationship against which the error is specified.

Repeatability

The term repeatability of the transducer is used to describe it's ability to give the same output for repeated application of the describe the same input values. The error resulting from the same output not being given with repeated applications is usually expressed as a % of the full range output.